1. Zvazvino chinzvimbo yeindasitiri yemagetsi ezuva (photovoltaic)

1.1 Kukura Kukuru kweMusika wePasirose wePhotovoltaic

Mumakore achangopfuura, indasitiri yepasi rose yemagetsi ezuva nezuva yakaona kukura kukuru. Sekureva kwedata kubva kuInternational Energy Agency (IEA), muna 2023, simba idzva remagetsi ezuva nezuva rakaiswa rakapfuura 350 GW, uye simba rese rakaiswa rakapfuura 1.5 TW. Nyika nenzvimbo dzakadai seChina, United States, Europe, neIndia dzave simba guru mumusika wemagetsi ezuva nezuva.

- China: Semusika mukuru pasi rose wemagetsi ezuva, China yakawedzera simba remagetsi ezuva rinosvika 200 GW muna 2023, zvichiita kuti pave neanopfuura 57% yesimba idzva remagetsi pasi rose. Rutsigiro rwehurumende, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, uye kudzikiswa kwemitengo ndizvo zvinhu zvikuru zviri kukurudzira kukura kweindasitiri yemagetsi ezuva muChina.

- Europe: Yakanganiswa nehondo yeRussia neUkraine, Europe yakakurumidzisa shanduko yayo yesimba. Muna 2023, simba idzva remagetsi ezuva rakaiswa rakapfuura 60 GW, nekukura kukuru munyika dzakadai seGermany, Spain, neNetherlands.

- United States: Yakurudzirwa neInflation Reduction Act (IRA), musika weUS solar photovoltaic wakaramba uchikura, nemagetsi matsva anosvika 40 GW muna 2023.

- India: Hurumende yeIndia iri kukurudzira zvikuru kuvandudzwa kwesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa. Muna 2023, simba idzva remagetsi ezuva rakaiswa rakapfuura 20 GW, nechinangwa chekusvika 500 GW yesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa rakaiswa panosvika 2030.

1.2Kufambira mberi kuri kuramba kuripo mu tekinoroji ye photovoltaic

Kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwe photovoltaic kwakaita kuti pave nekushanda zvakanaka uye mitengo yemagetsi ezuva yadzikire:

- Matekinoroji emabhatiri anoshanda zvakanyanya akadai sePERC, TOPCon, uye HJT: Masero ePERC (Passivated Emitter uye Rear Contact) anoramba ari makuru, asi matekinoroji eTOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) uye HJT (Heterojunction) ari kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma mugove wawo wemusika nekuda kwekushanda kwawo kwakanyanya kwekushandura (>24%).

- Masero ezuva ePerovskite: Se tekinoroji yechizvarwa chinotevera che photovoltaic, masero eperovskite akabudirira murabhoritari ne33% uye anotarisirwa kuti ashande zvakanaka mune ramangwana.

- Mamodule maviri eparutivi uye ma "tracking mounts": Mamodule maviri eparutivi anogona kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ne10% kusvika 20%, ukuwo ma "tracking mounts" achivandudza angle yechiedza chezuva, zvichiwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwesystem.

1.3Iyo mutengo wekugadzira simba remagetsi e photovoltaic uri kuramba uchiderera

Mumakore gumi apfuura, mutengo wekugadzira magetsi emagetsi ezuva nezuva wakaderera neanopfuura 80%. Sekureva kweIRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), mutengo wepasi rose wemagetsi (LCOE) wemagetsi ezuva nezuva muna 2023 waderera kusvika pamadhora ekuAmerica 0.03 - 0.05 pa kWh, pasi pemutengo wemagetsi emarasha negasi rechisikigo, zvichiita kuti ive imwe yenzvimbo dzinokwikwidzana zvikuru dzesimba.

1.4 Kuvandudzwa kwakarongeka kwekuchengetedza simba uye photovoltaic

Nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi e photovoltaic nguva nenguva, kushandiswa kwemasisitimu ekuchengetera simba (akadai semabhatiri e lithium, mabhatiri e sodium-ion, mabhatiri ekuyerera, nezvimwewo) pamwe chete kwave kufarirwa. Muna 2023, kugona kutsva kwemapurojekiti epasi rose e photovoltaic pamwe nekuchengetedza simba kwakapfuura 30 GW, uye kunotarisirwa kuramba kuri kukura zvakanyanya mumakore gumi anotevera.

2. Iyo kukosha yeindasitiri ye photovoltaic

2.1 Kugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze shandura uye kusimudzira zvinangwa zvekusapindira mune zvecarbon

Nyika pasi rose dziri kukurumidza kushandisa simba radzo kuti dzideredze kuburitswa kwemagasi anodziya pasi. Simba rezuva, sechikamu chikuru chesimba rakachena, rinoita basa guru mukuzadzisa chinangwa che "carbon neutral". Sekureva kweParis Agreement, panosvika gore ra2030, chikamu chepasi rose chesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa chinofanira kusvika pamusoro pe40%, uye simba rezuva richave rimwe remasimba makuru.

2.2 Kuchengetedzwa kwesimba uye kuzvimiririra

Simba rekare (rakadai semafuta negasi rechisikigo) rinokanganiswa zvakanyanya nezvematongerwo enyika, nepo simba rezuva richipararira zvakanyanya uye rinogona kuderedza kuvimba nesimba rinotengwa kunze kwenyika. Semuenzaniso, Europe yakaderedza kudiwa kwayo kwegasi rechisikigo reRussia nekuisa zviteshi zvikuru zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa simba remagetsi, nokudaro ichivandudza kuzvitonga kwayo.

2.3 Kukurudzira kukura kwehupfumi nemabasa

Cheni yeindasitiri ye photovoltaic inosanganisira malink akawanda akadai se silicon materials, silicon wafers, mabhatiri, modules, inverters, brackets, uye simba rekuchengetedza, izvo zvakagadzira mamiriyoni emabasa pasi rese. Vashandi vepachivande muindasitiri ye photovoltaic yeChina vanopfuura mamiriyoni matatu, uye maindasitiri e photovoltaic muEurope neUnited States ari kuwedzerawo nekukurumidza.

2.4 Kuisa magetsi kumaruwa uye kuderedza urombo

Munyika dzichiri kusimukira, ma "photovoltaic microgrids" uye masisitimu ezuva epamba anopa magetsi kunzvimbo dziri kure uye anovandudza mararamiro evagari. Semuenzaniso, "Solar Home Systems" muAfrica yakabatsira makumi emamiriyoni evanhu kutiza kubva mukushaya magetsi.

3.Kudiwa kwemudziyo wekudzivirira surge (SPD) mu photovoltaic system

3.1 Kurova kwemheni uye njodzi dzinosangana nemagetsi ezuva nezuva

Zviteshi zvemagetsi zve photovoltaic zvinowanzoiswa munzvimbo dzakashama (dzakadai semarenje, matenga edzimba, nemakomo), uye zviri nyore kubatwa nemheni uye kukanganiswa ne overvoltage. Njodzi huru dzinosanganisira:

- Kurova kwemheni zvakananga: Kurova zvakananga pamamodule emagetsi kana zvinotsigira, zvichikonzera kukuvara kwemidziyo.

- Mheni inokonzerwa nemagetsi: Kufamba kwemagetsi kunobva mumagetsi kunokonzera voltage yakakwira mutambo, zvichikanganisa zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvakaita sema inverters nema controllers.

- Kuchinja-chinja kwegrid: Kupfuura simba remagetsi padivi regrid (senge zviito zvekuchinja, zvikanganiso zvema "short-circuit") zvinogona kutamisirwa kune system ye photovoltaic.

3.2 Basa reMudziyo Unodzivirira Kukwira (SPD)

Zvidziviriro zvemafungu ndizvo zvinhu zvakakosha zvekudzivirira mheni uye kudzivirira overvoltage mumasisitimu e photovoltaic. Mabasa avo makuru anosanganisira:

- Kuderedza ma voltage anodarika nguva: Kudzora ma voltage akakwira anokonzerwa nekurova kwemheni kana kushanduka kwegrid mukati menzvimbo yakachengeteka.

- Kuburitsa mafungu emvura anokwira: Kukurumidza kutungamira mafungu akawandisa muvhu kudzivirira michina iri pasi pemvura.

- Kuvandudza kuvimbika kwesystem: Kuderedza kutadza kushanda kwemidziyo uye nguva yekumira kushanda kunokonzerwa nekurova kwemheni kana kukwira kwemhepo.

3.3 Kushandiswa kweSPD mumasisitimu e photovoltaic

Dziviriro yekudzivirira kwe photovoltaic systems inofanira kugadzirwa mumatanho akasiyana-siyana:

- Dziviriro kudivi reDC (kubva kumamodule e photovoltaic kusvika ku inverter):

- Isa Type II SPD pamucheto wetambo kudzivirira mheni inokonzerwa uye overvoltages inoshanda.

- Isa Type I + II SPD pamucheto weDC weinverter kuti ugadzirise njodzi yemheni yakananga neyekukonzereswa.

- Dziviriro kudivi reAC (kubva pa inverter kuenda kugrid):

- Isa Type II SPD pamucheto we output we inverter kudzivirira kupinda kwe grid-side overvoltage.

- Isa Type III SPD mukabati yekugovera kuti ipe dziviriro chaiyo yemidziyo inobatwa nehutachiona.

3.4 Pfungwa huru dzekusarudza dziviriro dzema "surge protectors"

- Kufananidza voltage level: Voltage yepamusoro inoshanda (Uc) yeSPD inofanira kunge yakakwira kupfuura voltage yesystem (semuenzaniso, system ye 1000Vdc photovoltaic inoda SPD ine Uc ≥ 1200V).

- Kugona kwemagetsi: Kugona kwemagetsi (In) kweDC side SPD kunofanira kunge kuri ≥ 20kA, uye simba remagetsi (Imax) rinofanira kunge riri ≥ 40kA.

- Dziviriro: Kuisa panze kunofanirwa kusangana nedziviriro yeIP65 kana kupfuura, yakakodzera nharaunda dzakaoma.

- Mitemo yekupa zvitupa: Inoenderana neIEC 61643-31 (yakajairwa yeSPDs dzine chekuita ne photovoltaic) uye UL 1449 nezvimwe zvitupa zvepasi rose.

3.5 Njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzekusaisa SPD

- Kukuvadzwa kwemidziyo: Midziyo yemagetsi yakanyatsogadzirwa yakaita sema inverter nema monitoring systems zvinogona kukanganiswa nekuputika kwemagetsi uye mari yekugadzirisa yakakwira.

- Kurasikirwa nemagetsi: Kurohwa nemheni kunokonzera kuvharwa kwesystem, zvichikanganisa purofiti yekugadzira magetsi.

- Njodzi yemoto: Kupisa kwemagetsi kunogona kukonzera moto wemagetsi, zvichikonzera njodzi kuchengetedzeka kwechiteshi chemagetsi.

4. Pasi rose Maitiro eMusika wePV Surge Protector

4.1 Kukura Kwekudiwa Kwemusika

Nekuwedzera kuri kuita simba rekuisa magetsi ezuva nezuva, musika wevanodzivirira mafungu wakawedzerawo panguva imwe chete. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti saizi yemusika wepasi rose wemagetsi ezuva nezuva ezuva (photovoltaic SPD) ichapfuura mabhiriyoni maviri emadhora ekuAmerica panosvika gore ra2025, nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwegore negore (CAGR) kwe15%.

4.2 Kutungamira kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva

- SPD ine njere: Yakashongedzerwa nemabasa ekutarisa aripo iye zvino uye ekudzivirira kukanganisa, uye inotsigira kushanda kure.

- Ma voltage akakwira: Ma SPD ane voltage ratings yakakwira (senge 1500V) ndiwo ave mainstream.

- Kureba kwenguva yehupenyu: Kushandisa zvinhu zvitsva zvinonzwa (senge zinc oxide composite technology), zvichiwedzera kugara kwenguva refu kweSPDs.

4.3 Mutemo uye Kukwidziridzwa Kwakajairika

- Mitemo yepasi rose yakaita seIEC 62305 (Mheni Dziviriro yeMheni) uye IEC 61643-31 (Photovoltaic SPD Standard) inorayira kuti masisitimu e photovoltaic ave nedziviriro yekukwira kwesimba.

- "Magadzirirwo Ehunyanzvi Ekudzivirira Mheni yeZviteshi zveMagetsi zvePhotovoltaic" (GB/T 32512-2016) muChina anoratidza zvakajeka zvinodiwa pakusarudzwa nekuiswa kweSPD.

5.Mhedziso: Indasitiri ye photovoltaic haigone kuita isina vadziviriri ve surge

Kufambira mberi nekukurumidza kweindasitiri yemagetsi anobuda nechiedza kwakapinza simba guru mukuchinja kwesimba pasi rose. Zvisinei, kurova kwemheni nenjodzi dzekubuda nechiedza hazvigone kufuratirwa. Zvidziviriro zvekubuda nechiedza, sechivimbiso chikuru chekushanda kwakachengeteka kwemasisitimu emagetsi anobuda nechiedza, zvinogona kuderedza njodzi yekukuvadzwa kwemidziyo, kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi, uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwesisitimu. Mune ramangwana, nekukura kuri kuramba kuchiitwa kwemagetsi anobuda nechiedza uye kugadzirwa kwemagridi akangwara, maSPD anoshanda zvakanyanya uye akavimbika achava zvikamu zvakakosha zvezviteshi zvemagetsi zvinobuda nechiedza.

Kune vanoisa mari vachishandisa photovoltaic, makambani eEPC nemapoka ekushanda nekugadzirisa, kusarudza michina yekudzivirira mafungu yepamusoro inosangana nezvinodiwa zvepasi rose chinhu chakakosha kuti chiva nechokwadi chekuti chiteshi chemagetsi chinoshanda kwenguva refu uye kuwedzera purofiti yekudyara.