Kugona kwemagetsi ezuva pasi rose kwakaiswa pamagetsi kwakapfuura 350GW gore rapera, China ichipa mari inodarika chikamu chimwe muzvitatu. Iyi tekinoroji yegirini inoshandura chiedza chezuva kuita magetsi yakaona mitengo yayo ichiderera ne80% mumakore gumi, asi inotarisana nenjodzi inouraya yekurohwa nemheni - nzvimbo yemagetsi muArizona, United States, yakamborasikirwa nemamiriyoni maviri emadhora nekuda kwekurohwa nemheni. Zvidziviriro zvemagetsi zvave "chinhu chinoponesa hupenyu" chezviteshi zvemagetsi, zvichitungamira makumi ezviuru zvevolts zvemagetsi emheni pasi kuburikidza nenetwork yekudzivirira ine nhanho nhatu. Nyanzvi dzeindasitiri dzakataura kuti sezvo voltage yemagetsi emagetsi ezuva ichikwira kusvika ku1500V, michina yekudzivirira iri kutanga shanduko yetekinoroji muzvinhu zvesilicon carbide.

1.Sisitimu ye photovoltaic: simba guru resimba rakachena

1.1 Chii chinonzi Photovoltaic System?

Sisitimu ye photovoltaic mudziyo unoshandura zvakananga simba rezuva kuita simba remagetsi. Inonyanya kuve nezvinhu zvinotevera zvakakosha:

- Mamodule ePhotovoltaic (ma solar panels): Kushandisa simba re photoelectric rezvinhu zve semiconductor (senge monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, kana mafirimu matete) kugadzira direct current.

- MaInverters: Shandura magetsi akananga kuita magetsi anochinjika ekushandisa pamba kana mumaindasitiri.

- Masisitimu ekugadzika: Chengetedza ma module e photovoltaic uye gadzirisa kona yekugamuchira chiedza chezuva.

- Mabhatiri ekuchengetera (sarudzo): Chengeta magetsi akawandisa kuti uvandudze kushandiswa kwesimba.

- Masisitimu ekugovera nekutarisa: Iva nechokwadi chekuti magetsi anobuda zvakanaka uye kuti anotariswa panguva chaiyo yekushanda.

Masisitimu emagetsi ezuva nezuva anogona kuiswa muzvikamu zviviri: akabatana negrid (akabatana negrid yemagetsi yeruzhinji) uye anoshandiswa kunze kwegrid (magetsi akazvimiririra), uye anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumatenga edzimba, zvivakwa zvemabhizinesi nemaindasitiri, zviteshi zvemagetsi zvakakura zvakaiswa pasi, uye magetsi ari munzvimbo dziri kure.

1.2 Mamiriro Ekuvandudzika Kwepasi Pose KwemaSisitimu Emagetsi Ezuva Nezuva

Mumakore achangopfuura, musika wepasi rose we photovoltaic wakaona kukura kukuru:

- Chiyero chekuisa: Kugona kwekuisa zvinhu zvitsva pasi rose kwakapfuura 350 GW muna 2023, China, Europe, neUnited States dziri misika mitatu yepamusoro.

- Kuderedzwa kwemutengo: Mutengo wema "photovoltaic modules" waderera neanopfuura 80% zvichienzaniswa nemakore gumi apfuura, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo, mutengo wemagetsi wakaderera (LCOE) waderera pasi pemadhora ekuAmerica 0.03 pa kWh.

- Kudzokorora tekinoroji: Kubudirira kwekugadzirwa kwemasero emhando yeN TOPCon neHJT kwapfuura 25%, uye kushanda kwetekinoroji yeperovskite murabhoritari kwapfuura 33%.

2. Basa uye kukosha kwemasisitimu e photovoltaic: kukurudzira kushanduka kwesimba

2.1 Mabhenefiti Ezvakatipoteredza: Kuderedza Kuburitswa Kwemhepo Inobva Mumhepo uye Kugadzirisa Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Ekunze

Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi ezuva nezuva hakuna kusvibiswa zvachose panguva yese iyi. Chiteshi chega chega chemagetsi ezuva nezuva che1MW chinogona kuderedza kuburitswa kwecarbon dioxide nematani chiuru pagore, izvo zvakaenzana nekudyara miti zviuru makumi mashanu. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hweInternational Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ezuva nezuva ezuva nezuva kwakaderedza kuburitswa kwecarbon dioxide nematani anopfuura bhiriyoni imwe chete.

2.2 Mabhenefiti Ezvehupfumi: Kuderedza Mari Yesimba uye Kugadzira Mabasa

- Kune Mhuri neMabhizinesi: Kuburikidza nemuenzaniso we "Self-Consumption + Surplus Power to Grid", vashandisi vanogona kuchengetedza 30% kusvika 90% pamabhiri emagetsi.

- National Strategy: Chirongwa chemakore mashanu cheChina chegumi nemana chinokurudzira kuti chikamu chesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi chisvike 33% panosvika 2025, uye indasitiri yemagetsi inoburitsa chiedza ichagadzira mabasa anopfuura mamiriyoni matatu.

2.3 Kuchengetedzwa Kwesimba: Kusununguka Kubva Mukushandiswa Nemafuta Ezvisaririra

Mushure mekukakavadzana kweRussia neUkraine, Europe yakakurumidzisa hurongwa hwayo hwe "photovoltaic + energy storage". Muna 2023, simba idzva rakaiswa rakapfuura 60 GW, nechinangwa chekuderedza kuvimba kwayo negasi rechisikigo.

2.4 Kukosha Kwemagariro Evanhu: Kugadzirisa Dambudziko Remagetsi Munzvimbo Dzisina Kuwanikwa Kwemagetsi

Munzvimbo dziri kure dzeAfrica, South Asia nedzimwe nzvimbo, masisitimu emagetsi ekunze kwegrid akapa magetsi kuvanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni mazana maviri, zvichivandudza mabasa everuzhinji akadai sehutano nedzidzo.

3. Zvinotyisa zvisingaoneki kune masisitimu e photovoltaic: njodzi dzekukwira kwemvura hadzigone kufuratirwa

Kunyangwe masisitimu e photovoltaic aine zvakanakira zvakakosha, hunhu hwawo hwekuiswa panze hunoaisa panjodzi dzakakomba dzekukwira kwemagetsi (magetsi akawandisa).

3.1 Manyuko uye Njodzi dzeKukwira kweMafashamo

• Mheni dzinorova: Mheni dzinorova zvakananga kana mheni inokonzerwa nemagetsi dzinogona kuburitsa mavolts akawanda ipapo ipapo emakumi ezviuru zvemavolts, izvo zvinogona kukuvadza ma inverter, zvikamu, kana kukonzera moto.

• Kuchinja-chinja kwegrid: Kuchinja mashandiro, kuchinja kamwe kamwe kwemutoro, nezvimwewo, zvinogona kukonzera overvoltage, zvichikuvadza michina yemagetsi inononoka.

• DC side arcs: DC voltage yakakwira muma photovoltaic systems (600V - 1500V) inoita kuti zvive nyore kuti ma arcs anoramba aripo aitike nekuda kwekukwegura kana kusabatana zvakanaka mumitsetse, zvichikonzera njodzi huru.

Nyaya: Muna 2022, chiteshi chemagetsi che photovoltaic muArizona, USA, chakakuvara pamwe chete nema inverter aro nekuda kwekurohwa nemheni, zvikaita kuti kurasikirwa kwakananga kupfuure mamiriyoni maviri emadhora ekuAmerica.

3.2 Basa Guru reZvishandiso zveKudzivirira Kukwira (SPD)

Mudziyo wekudzivirira kukwira kwemhepo (SPD) ndiwo "muchengeti wekuchengetedza" wegadziriro yemagetsi inobuda nemhepo. Unovimbisa kugadzikana kwegadziriro iyi kuburikidza nenzira dzinotevera

3.2.1 Kuburitswa kweHigh Voltage

Inoendesa mheni kana kuti simba remagetsi rinopinda muvhu kuti rideredze voltage iri munzvimbo yakachengeteka.

3.2.2 Dziviriro Yemazinga Akasiyana-siyana

• Danho 1 (pamugumo we photovoltaic array): Rinopindura mheni yakananga, rine simba rekutakura magetsi rinodarika 20kA.

• Danho rechipiri (pamucheto we inverter): Rinodzivira kukwira kwasara uye rinodzivirira michina yakakosha.

• Danho rechitatu (pakupera kwekugoverwa): Rinopa dziviriro chaiyo kuti rive nechokwadi chekuti kushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi kwakachengeteka.

3.2.3 Kutarisa Kwakangwara

Maalarm enguva chaiyo uye nyevero dzehupenyu hwese, zvichideredza mari yekushanda nekugadzirisa.

4. Sei tichifanira kusarudza dziviriro yedu yekukwira kwemvura? — Yakagadzirirwa masisitimu emagetsi ezuva nezuva

Semutengesi anotungamira wemhinduro dzekudzivirira mafungu muindasitiri, zvigadzirwa zvedu zvine mabhenefiti anotevera

4.1 Kugadziriswa kwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi kuti huenderane nezvinodiwa ne photovoltaic

- Kushivirira magetsi akawanda: Inotsigira sisitimu ye1500V DC, inodarika muganho we1000V weSPD dzechinyakare.

- Kudzivirira DC arc: Mudziyo wekukurumidza wecircuit breaker wakavakwa mukati, nguva yekupindura

- Kudzivirira mamiriro ekunze kwakasimba: Dziviriro yeIP65, inoshanda mukati mekupisa kwakakura kubva -40℃ kusvika 85℃, yakakodzera nharaunda dzakaoma dzakadai semarenje nenzvimbo dziri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa.

4.2 Chitupa Chepasi Pose uye Kuvimbisa Kutevedza Mutemo

- Ndakawana zvitupa zvepasi rose zvakaita seTUV, UL, uye IEC 61643-31, zvichizadzisa zvinodiwa neEU CE, US NEC 690 nemimwe mitemo.

- Mishumo yakazara yekutevedza zvinhu zvesilicon, zvichisangana zviri nyore nezvinodiwa zvekuongorora zveUS UFLPA.

4.3 Kuvandudzwa Kwemabasa Akawedzerwa Kukosha Kuti Vavandudze Ruzivo Rwevatengi

- Mhinduro Dzakagadzirirwa: Dhizaini yekudzivirira yakavakirwa pamamiriro ekunze emunharaunda uye mamiriro egrid (senge magadzirirwo akagadziridzwa enzvimbo dzine mabhanan'ana anowanzo itika).

- Kutarisa Kure: Module yeIoT inogona kubatanidzwa mupuratifomu yekushanda nekugadzirisa photovoltaic kuti iwane yambiro yekutanga yezvikanganiso.

- Kukurumidza Kupindura: Zvikamu zvekuchengetedza zvinochengetwa mumatura ekune dzimwe nyika, uye rutsigiro rwehunyanzvi ruchapihwa mukati memaawa makumi mana nemasere.

Nyaya yeMutengi:

- Yakapa mhinduro yakakwana yeSPD yechiteshi chemagetsi che300MW photovoltaic muSaudi Arabia, pasina mheni inorova mukati memakore matatu.

- Mushure mekunge vatengesi vemagetsi emagetsi emuGermany vatenga, huwandu hwezvichemo zvevatengi hwakaderera ne90%.

5. Kutarisa kune ramangwana: PV nekudzivirira kukwira kwemvura zvinokura pamwe chete

Sezvo tekinoroji ye photovoltaic ichiramba ichichinja ichienda kuma voltages akakwira (senge masisitimu e2000V) uye huchenjeri hwakakura, vadziviriri ve surge vachavandudzwawo panguva imwe chete:

- Uchenjeri: AI inofanotaura njodzi dzekurohwa nemheni uye inogadzirisa otomatiki nzira dzekudzivirira.

- Kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva: Zvishandiso zveSilicon Carbide (SiC) zvinowedzera kukurumidza kupindura uye hupenyu hwese.

- Kubatanidzwa kwehurongwa: Kushanda pamwe chete kwakadzama nema inverters nema system ekuchengetera simba kuti vagadzire network yekudzivirira yakabatana "inoshanda + isingashande".

Mhedziso

Sarudza dziviriro yakavimbika yekuchengetedza ramangwana re photovoltaics

Sisitimu ye photovoltaic ndiyo musimboti wekuchinja kwesimba regirini, uye chinodzivirira kukwira kwesimba ndiyo "mutsetse wekudzivirira usingaonekwe" wekushanda kwayo kwenguva refu kwakasimba. Takazvipira kupa vatengi vepasi rose mhinduro dzeSPD dzinoshanda zvishoma uye dzakavimbika, zvichibatsira watt yega yega yemagetsi akachena kusvika kwaanoenda zvakachengeteka.