Sarudzo yeZvishandiso zveKudzivirira Kukwira kwePV Systems - Mhando dzeSPDs
Kugadzira magetsi ePhotovoltaic (PV) inzvimbo huru yesimba rinogona kushandiswazve uye ine makwikwi makuru ehupfumi kana tichienzanisa nekugadzira magetsi ekare. Masisitimu madiki ePV akaparadzirwa, akadai semapaneru ezuva edenga, ari kuramba achifarirwa. Masisitimu ePV edenga anosanganisira kugoverwa kweAC neDC nemavoltage anosvika 1500V. Rutivi rweDC, kunyanya mapaneru ePV, anogona kusangana zvakananga nemheni munzvimbo dzine njodzi huru, zvichiita kuti dzive panjodzi yekukuvadzwa nemheni.
Dziviriro yemheni yezvivakwa yakakamurwa kuva dziviriro yekunze (Sisitimu Yekudzivirira Mheni, LPS) uye dziviriro yemukati (Surge Protective Measures, SPM), zvichibva panjodzi yemheni. Zvishandiso Zvinodzivirira Kukwira (SPDs), sechikamu chedziviriro yemukati, zvinodzivirira kubva pakupfuura-pfuura kwemagetsi kunokonzerwa nemheni yemuchadenga kana mashandiro ekuchinja. SPDs dzinoiswa kunze kwemidziyo yakachengetedzwa uye dzinoshanda zvakanyanya seizvi: kana pasina kukwira kwesimba musystem yemagetsi, SPD haikanganisi zvakanyanya mashandiro akajairika esystem yainodzivirira. Kana kukwira kukaitika, SPD inopa kudzika kwekudzivirira, ichitsausa kukwira kwesimba kuburikidza nepayo uye ichideredza voltage kusvika padanho rakachengeteka. Mushure mekunge kukwira kwapfuura uye chero magetsi asara adzima, SPD inodzokera kumamiriro ekudzivirira akakwira.
1. Nzvimbo yekuisa yeSurge Protective Devices (SPD)
Nzvimbo yekuisa maSPD inosarudzwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekutyisidzira kwemheni uye zvichibva papfungwa yeLightning Protection Zones (LPZ) muIEC 62305. Kupfuura simba kwemagetsi kunoderedzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika padanho rakachengeteka, iro rinofanira kunge riri pasi pesimba remagetsi remidziyo yakachengetedzwa. Sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo, maSPD anoiswa pamiganhu yenzvimbo idzi, zvichikonzera pfungwa yekudzivirira kukwira kwemagetsi akawanda anoshandiswa mumasisitimu ane simba rakaderera. Kune masisitimu ePV, chinangwa chiri pakudzivirira kukwira kwemagetsi kuti asapinde nepamativi eAC neDC, nokudaro zvichidzivirira zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita sema inverters.
2. Makirasi Ekuyedza Zvishandiso Zvinodzivirira (SPD)
Sekureva kweIEC 61643-11, maSPD akakamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvebvunzo zvichienderana nerudzi rwemagetsi anobuda akagadzirirwa kutsungirira. Miedzo yeType I (yakanyorwa seT1) yakagadzirirwa kutevedzera magetsi emagetsi anogona kuitirwa muchivako. Izvi zvinoshandisa waveform ye10/350 µs, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo, uye zvinowanzo shandiswa pamuganhu uri pakati peLPZ0 neLPZ1—sekunge pamabhodhi makuru ekuparadzira kana ma transformer ane voltage shoma. MaSPD edanho iri anowanzo kuve emhando yevoltage-switching, ane zvikamu zvakaita semachubhu ekuburitsa gasi kana ma spark gaps (semuenzaniso, ma horn gaps kana graphite gaps).
Miedzo yeType II (T2) neType III (T3) inoshandisa ma "impulses" enguva pfupi. Ma "SPD" eType II anowanzo kuve midziyo inoganhurira magetsi inoshandisa zvinhu zvakaita se "metal oxide varistors" (MOVs). Anoedzwa ne "nominal discharge current" achishandisa "8/20 µs current waveform" (ona Mufananidzo we "Figure blow"), uye ane basa rekuwedzera kuganhurira ma "residual surge voltage" anobva ku "upstream protection device". Miedzo yeType III inoshandisa "combination wave generator" ine "1.2/50 µs voltage" uye "8/20 µs current impulse" (ona Mufananidzo uri pazasi), ichitevedzera ma "surges" ari pedyo nemidziyo yekushandisa.
3. Rudzi rwekubatanidza rweSurge Protective Device (SPDs)
Kune nzira mbiri huru dzekudzivirira kubva ku transient overvoltages. Yekutanga i common-mode protection (CT1), iyo yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kubva pakukwira kwemhepo pakati pe live conductors ne PE (protective earth). Kurova kwemheni, semuenzaniso, kunogona kuunza voltages yakakwira kana tichienzanisa neground musystem. Kudzivirira kweCommon-mode kunobatsira kuderedza mhedzisiro yekukanganiswa kwekunze kwakadaro, semheni, sezvakaratidzwa pazasi.
Chechipiri idziviriro yemhando ye differential-mode (CT2), iyo inodzivirira kubva pakukwira kwemhepo pakati pemuchina wemagetsi (L) nemuchina wemagetsi usina kusimba (N). Rudzi urwu rwedziviriro rwakakosha zvikuru pakugadzirisa matambudziko emukati, akadai seruzha rwemagetsi kana kupindira kunokonzerwa nehurongwa pachahwo, sezvakaratidzwa mudhayagiramu iri pazasi.
Nekushandisa imwe kana nzira mbiri idzi dzekudzivirira, masisitimu emagetsi anogona kudzivirirwa zviri nani kubva kuzvinhu zvinogona kukonzera kukwira kwemagetsi, zvichizowedzera kugara kwenguva refu uye kuvimbika kwemidziyo yakabatana.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kusarudzwa kwenzira dzekudzivirira dzeSPD kunofanirwa kuenderana nehurongwa hwepasi huripo. Kune masisitimu eTN, ese ari maviri ekudzivirira eCT1 neCT2 anogona kushandiswa. Zvisinei, mumasisitimu eTT, CT1 inogona kushandiswa chete pasi peRCD. Mumasisitimu eIT—kunyanya ayo asina kondakita isina tambo—kudzivirira kweCT2 hakushandi. Uku kufungwa kwakakosha mumasisitimu eDC distribution anoshandisa marongero eIT grounding. Ruzivo runogona kuwanikwa mutafura iri pazasi.
4. Zvikamu Zvikuru zveZvishandiso Zvinodzivirira zveSurge (SPD)
Zvichienderana nemutemo wepasi rose weIEC 61643-11, hunhu uye bvunzo dzeSPD dzakabatana nehurongwa hwekugovera simba remagetsi ane simba rakaderera zvinotsanangurwa, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 7.
(1) Dhiviriro Yemagetsi (Kumusoro)
Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha pakusarudza SPD isimba rayo rekudzivirira magetsi (Up), iro rinoratidza mashandiro eSPD mukudzikamisa voltage pakati pematerminals. Kukosha uku kunofanirwa kunge kwakakwira kupfuura simba guru rekusimbisa magetsi. Rinosvika kana simba riri kuyerera kuburikidza neSPD rakaenzana nemagetsi anoburitsa magetsi. Simba rekudzivirira magetsi rakasarudzwa rinofanira kunge rakaderera pane simba rekudzivirira simba remagetsi rinomira Uw yemutoro. Kana mheni ikarova, simba remagetsi rinoyambuka materminals eSPD rinowanzo chengetwa pasi peUp. Kune masisitimu ePV DC, mutoro unowanzo kureva maPV modules nema inverters.
(2) Voltage Inoshanda Inoenderera Mberi (Uc)
Uc ndiyo voltage yepamusoro yeDC inogona kushandiswa nguva dzose kune SPD protection mode. Inosarudzwa zvichibva pavoltage yakarongwa uye grounding configuration yesystem uye inoshanda se activation threshold yeSPD. Kune DC side yePV systems, Uc inofanira kunge yakakura kupfuura kana yakaenzana nePV array's Uoc Max. Uoc Max inoreva voltage yepamusoro-soro ye open-circuit pakati pe live terminals uye pakati pe live terminal ne ground panzvimbo yakatarwa yePV array.
(3) Kubuda Kwemagetsi Kwenguva Yepamusoro (Mukati)
Iyi ndiyo peak value ye 8/20 μs waveform current inoyerera kuburikidza ne SPD, inoshandiswa pakuyedza kweType II uye pakuyedza kugadzirisa muType I ne Rudzi rwechipiriIEC inoda kuti SPD ikwanise kutsungirira kuburitswa kwemagetsi kwe8/20 μs kanenge ka19. Kana kukosha kweIn kwakakwira, hupenyu hweSPD hunowedzerawo, asi mutengo unowedzerawo.
(4) Mhepo Inovhuvhuta (Iimp)
Zvinotsanangurwa nematanho matatu: current peak (Ipeak), charge (Q), uye specific energy (W/R), current iyi inoshandiswa mu Rudzi I bvunzo. Mafambiro akajairika i10/350 μs.